Cold War and its Impact on International Racism and Segregation Research Paper - 1

Cold War and its Impact on International Racism and Segregation - Research Paper Example The aspects of two social problems, international racism and segregation are examined in this paper. Emphasis is given to international racism and the segregationist image of the United States. It is concluded that the Cold War has significantly affected the international image of the United States regarding racism and segregation. The level of interaction of the above products are not standardized; within different social, political and economic conditions, the events of the Cold War could have led to different perceptions of the country’s international image regarding racism and segregation. The Cold War has strongly affected the perceptions on human rights. The starting point of the War can be identified at the end of the Second World War, i.e. in 1945. However, certain of its ideas have been already appeared before the end of the Second World War, even in 1939. Different views have been developed regarding the role of the Cold War on concepts, such as racism and segregatio n. According to Professor Adam Fairclough1, the Cold War has influenced the views of people on racial differences, leading to the promotion of values such as equality and fairness among people of different racial background and characteristics. More specifically, Professor Fairclough suggested that ‘the war had helped to discredit theories of racial superiority’.2 The above view is based on the fact that after the end of Nazism in Europe, people in countries that suffered significant damages – and human losses – could not tolerate any form of discrimination, which has been the key rule of Nazism.3 The specific fact is highlighted in the study of Professor Fairclough where reference is made to the non-acceptance of the concept of racial superiority, as the above framework was developed during the Second World War. It is explained that since the end of the Second World War the public does not accept any form of racism, either expressed, as Anti-Semitism or o ther form of racial discrimination. In addition, the Cold War has helped to increase awareness of both governments and the public on racial discrimination, making the specific problem ‘an international issue’.4 According to Professor Fairclough, racial discrimination has been an argument offering to the enemies, or else the political opponents, the chance to ask for the termination of existing governmental plans; for example, reference is made to the claim of Russia, during the Cold War, that USA does not respect human rights, especially the rights of black people.5 At this point, reference should be made to the following fact: the United States has traditionally faced a series of significant challenges regarding the entrance in the country of foreigners. Politicians do not equally support the continuous increase of foreigners across the country. In fact, certain of them are clearly opposed to such perspective. The issue is made clear in the speech of Joseph McCarthy on Communists in 1950. The key point of the specific speech has been the following one: foreigners are considered as not being directly related to the American Economy.6 Rather, it is believed that the problems of the country are related not to foreigners but to the traitors activating across the country.7 It is explained that these traitors are likely to enjoy all social and political benefits across the country, such as the right to education and the right to housing, at

The Culture Of An Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Culture Of An Organization - Essay Example Its leaders should be charismatic and quick at decision-making. Motivation Motivation refers to the force that influences people’s action. The theories are aimed to make the workers work diligently and be fruitful. In my case, I am going to use The Mayo’s theory of Human Relations. Mayo’s theory believes that pay alone cannot be sufficient to motivate and boost the performance of an employee in the workforce. He believes that the social needs of the workers should also be put into consideration. Transformational Leadership Transformation leadership is formed through the four ‘I’s’, that is idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual simulation and individual consideration. Idealized influence is displayed when a leader act as the role model to their follower. When the leader articulates his vision, to his followers then this is referred to as inspirational motivation. Intellectual simulation is achieved when a leader undertakes his followers through some challenges. Individual consideration is reflected when a leader attends to the needs of the follower in person. Transformation leader can therefore be said to pay attention to their followers, change awareness and inspire their follower. Transformational type of leadership is said to work because it engages leader and their followers to be creative. Leader and follower strategize on their goals and therefore they are in better positions of achieving the set goals. Unlike charismatic leadership where vision is only stated, transformation leadership provides an attractive view of the future. In terms of commitment, it can be noted that in transformational type of leadership, both the leader and the follower are usually committed in undertaking their activities (Kark, Shamir & Chen, 2003). Motivation theory In my case, I would use Mayo’s Theory of Human Relations to address the issues in the police department. According to Mayo’s theory, change s in the working condition or financial rewards had little effect to the performance of employees. Workers are instead motivated by the way; they interact with each other, working in teams that aid them in decision-making. The mayo’s theory encouraged interaction between the different levels of management and the entire workforce. This makes it easy for the management to easily solve the grievances facing their employees. Employees should also be treated in a more caring and humane manner to maximize on their productivity. Organizational structures Organization plays a major role in any organization, its can determine the success or failure of an organization. Organizational structures therefore refer to the major methods that an organization uses to coordinate its activities; the type of devolution used within that organization in terms of subordinates’ involvement in decision making of the organization. There are three common organizational structures. These are simp le, bureaucracy and matrix organization structures. Simple Structure This uses direct supervision, and employs vertical and horizontal centralization. Its organizational structure consists of the top manager and a few workers in the workforce. The number of staff is usually small thus forcing them to perform overlapping tasks. There are no job specifications to an individual (Weber, 1947). Simple structures are used mostly in small corporations, new

The Present Business Strategy Of Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

The Present Business Strategy Of Mcdonalds Commerce Essay Macro environment includes social and demographic, legal and political process, technological, and environmental factors (Kotler, 2003). The forces in Macro environment have a major impact at the level of industry. Macro environment refers to some external factors which are uncontrollable and effects in decision making of any organisation. Sometimes business has to change their business strategy in the change of macro environment. This change is obvious for large organisation when they are expanding their business nationally and internationally in the line of new operations. In business term it is called PESTEL analysis. In 1890 and early 1990 PEST forces was widely used to identify the future business trends. (John Kew, and John Stredwick, p1). Gerry Johnson etl (p54) also emphasizes that the PEST tools can be used to identify the future trends of business and the impact on organization. As we know that business is continually reacting to changes in the environments in which they operate. This is because a PEST analysis of Political, Economical, Social, and Technological factors will reveal many of the external influences on a business performance Therefore, a PEST analysis is considered as a useful tool for analysing a business and in particular understanding market growth or decline. (Robert J. And Chapman, p-118). PESTEL Factors Political Local, National, Global policies Administrative burden Tax , tax, Tax Political influence, pressure Economical Inflation ,unemployment ,trade GDP, consumption, investment, growth Deregulation Monetary policy, fiscal policy Globalization Social Demographic (national and local)- age, gender, race. Households, education, health Income distribution , expenditure Life style and work, leisure balance Social responsibility and business ethics Technological Information technology, digital electronics New systematic materials New energy sources Micro technologies Biotechnology Cost/benefits, implementation Legal Employment law: health, data protection, race, sex, disability, employment rights, employment relations. Customer law: description of goods, sale of goods, safety of goods Corporate law: company law, fair trading, competition law, surveillance. Eco-environmental Global warming population unsustainable development methodologies and process- farming, nuclear power stake holder power, influence The Impact of Economic and Social environment on McDonalds Corporation: Economic factors All businesses are affected by national and global economic factors. National and global interest rate and fiscal policy will be set around economic conditions. The climate of the economy dictates how consumers, suppliers and other organisational stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors behave within society. Economic factors affect both the business organization and its consumers and customer irrespectively. Increase of interest rate affects a firms cost of capital; exchange rate affects the cost of exporting goods and supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees and cost. Business will need to understand how to cope with the changes of economical factors. McDonalds collaborates with suppliers to obtain fresh, high quality ingredient for their products and at the same time reducing the cost of food. So dealing with the international suppliers the McDonalds face a lot of economic variables such as currency exchange. An economy undergoing recession will have high unemployment, low spending power and low stakeholder confidence. Conversely a booming or growing economy will have low unemployment, high spending power and high stakeholder confidence. In recent years fast food industry has experienced a fatal affect due to the credit crunch, and we can see the reflection on changing of the menu price. Also the minimum wages of hourly paid employee has been increased which increase the company cost. In the case of McDonalds corporation changing the economical factors could not affect the company strategy. The company that is more recession resistant. They served an extra two million customers a month in 2008 compared with last year. They also offer 4000 new job in these tougher trading time. The UK inflation Rate Annual inflation rates 12 month percentage change The figure above shows the in UK the inflation rate in June, at 1.8 per cent in 2009. We can see that there was also a large downward pressure from restaurants and hotels where prices rose by less than a year ago. In 2008 the global comparable sales increase 6.9%, revenues increased to a record $23.5 billion, and earnings per share rose 17 and 15 percent respectively. In 2009 global comparable sales growth t 3.8%, earning per share rose by 9% respectively. This scenario proves that the company has achieved a satisfactory level success because of better menus, extending the opening hours, renovate restaurants and technology. The economical growth indicates that the recession does not affect the sales growth of McDonald because of their product pricing strategy and the focus on customer needs. Social factors The changes of social factors demand to change the management strategy of the company. Population changes are the one of the vital factors which has a direct impact on organizations. Changes in the structure of a population will affect the supply and demand of goods and services within an economy. Falling birth rates will result in decreased demand and greater competition as the number of consumers fall. Conversely an increase in the global population and world food shortage predictions are currently leading to calls for greater investment in food production. Therefore, organisations must be able to offer products and services that aim to complement and benefit peoples lifestyle and behaviour. If organisations do not respond to changes in society they will lose market share and demand for their product or service. Social culture like values, attitudes, and believes differ from country to country even within the same geographical area can be varied. Social forces affect our attitudes, interests and opinions. Within the UK peoples attitudes are changing towards their diet and health. As a result the UK is seeing an increase in the number of people joining fitness clubs and a massive growth for the demand of organic food. Last year McDonalds was alleged by socially. McDonalds is food is critically commenting because of obesity among the young and children. And other diseases like cardiovascular and cholesterol. The obesity of young people has become a social problem. They add some new food in their menu like, salad, premium salad, fruit beg, and carrot sticks. Considering the future of the business the company and the convenience of customers McDonalds Corporation has taken some initiatives for putting nutritional information for all menu items on the reverse of their tray liners and printing nutritional labelling on the packaging of its food items. The McDonalds Happy meals contain less than 35 percent of calories from fat and 600 calories. PART- B To illustrate the question the Part-B we need to understand and emphasis on several thing which help to make a strong business strategy like market research. Market research can provide authentic the information which will be present strength for the organization and help to avoid future environmental threat. In the competitive business markets McDonalds faces competition from other businesses. Additionally, economic, legal and technological changes, social factors, the retail environment and many other elements affect McDonalds success in the market. To identify the business position and its strengths and weaknesses need to do market research. Market research identifies these factors and anticipates how they will affect peoples willingness to buy. Market research considers everything that affects buying decisions. It can be the psychological factors or product itself. As the economy and social attitudes changes customers buying patterns. McDonalds corporation needs to identify whether the numbers of targeted customers are growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will be changed in the future. In some cases psychological factors are important, e.g. what image does the product give or how the consumer feels when purchasing it. These additional psychological factors are significantly important to the customer. They can be even more important than the products physical benefits. Through marketing, McDonalds establishes a prominent position in the minds of customers. The influence of Macro environment especially on global business organization is significant to change its business strategy and the change of its operations. Macro environment also hold the control of future business decision making. The influences of economic and social environment are the major factor for a business organisation to change its business infrastructure. In recent years the fast food industry has faced a fatal an economic recession and still it has an impact on some business organisation. The overall sales goes down worldwide, some organization could not create new job opportunity at all. If we look at the history of McDonalds Corporations we will find that that in 2008 the global comparable sales increase 6.9%, revenues increased to a record $23.5 billion, and earnings per share rose 17 and 15 percent respectively. During the time of recession the company was operating their business successfully. Also they created 4000 new job opportunity where as other company has to cut down their employee to reduce their cost. For example, McDonalds retained a 33% stake in the Pret A Manger. Economy is the vital factor for technological advancement of a country. If the country is economically stable than they invent new technology an introduce it to facilitate the business activities internally and externally. McDonalds corporation is economically table and doing their business in developed countries and the choice of the customer of those countries, taste and life style, behaviour has been considered consciously to reach the success of the business. The organization has already used technology on till operation and production. In UK restaurant handheld communication devices are already being used to take orders and minimise the queuing times in 500 of McDonalds UK restaurants. They have a plan to use in some 561 drive-thru restaurants BT Open zone Wi-Fi hotspots to attract travelling business people. In the US, wireless communication system in 400 restaurants in four cities attracted new, mainly older users. Touch screen TVs will be piloted in 10 restaurants during the first quarter in 2008. Internet terminals and PlayStations are likely to be introduced this year. McDonalds corporation introduce the modern technology to create more customers and uphold their branding image even in the fatal recession time. To create a more stable position in business market In January 2008, McDonalds started verifying its prices across the country depending on local economic conditions. In this the company increased some food prices in order to compensate for higher wholesale food costs. McDonalds Corporation is also socially concern. As their business operation is linked each other they can focus on local customer choice. To attract the customer and make McDonalds more appealing they are refurbishing and decorating its restaurants. Considering the local tastes they have redesigned 2000 restaurant with casual dining and coffee shop. New staff uniforms are being introduced in 2008, designed by Bruce Oldfield. The refurbishment and creating new image of McDonalds has been possible because of good turnover of business. McDonalds is most popular recognised brand in fast food world. When they intrude in a new business market in new country they must comply with the government policy, keep pace with the political unrest and other political barriers. As McDonalds business strategy is to focus on customer needs and satisfy their needs, they try to provide their best service according to the taste, choice of the people of the country. They also consider the religious value norms and customer attitudes of the customer. For example, in some Muslim country they serve Halal food to the customer. McDonalds void the plastic condiments beg and committed to use environment friendly packaging and recycle it is good decision to protect the balance of environment. In 2008, McDonalds announced that of its Sheffield restaurants have been using a biomass trial that had cut its waste and carbon footprint by half in the area. In addition, in Europe, McDonalds has been recycling vegetable grease by converting it fuel for their diesel trucks. Conclusion The influence of Macro Environment in a specific business organisation is a continuous matter and thus it is obvious that McDonalds restaurant is within its effect in marketing decision making. Despite this tough environment, McDonalds delivered another exceptional of growth, posting strong sales and increased market share around the world. In 2009, global comparable sales increased 3.8 percent. Earnings per share for the year increased 9 percent to $41.11, while consolidated operating income increased 6 percent. According The CEO of McDonalds corporation gladly said there is nothing profound about our plan to win. It essentially identifies the five core divers of our industry-leading owner/ operators, world-class suppliers and talented, experienced employees around initiatives that drive results. Following the marketing strategy of McDonalds it is highly visible that economical and social factors played significant role among the other Macro environmental components. McDonalds has successfully overcome the economic recession and social obligation and gained technological advancement. Though recently government has become strict to provide permission the marketing of fast food restaurant because of the health related issues but McDonalds Corporation has overcome those issues and boost their business in the competitive business market.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

The Yellow Wallpaper: In the 19th century, mental illness was an uncommon issue to be discussed. The public would treat the illness only by avoiding the matter and forcing the sick to feel helpless. At that time, the medical profession had not yet distinguished between diseases of the mind and diseases of the brain. Neurologists such as Dr. Silas Mitchell treated the problems that would now be treated by psychiatrists, such as depression. The most accepted cure was Mitchell's â€Å"Rest Cure,† which required complete isolation from family and friends. It forbid any type of mental or physical energy, and required total bed rest. The harsh results of the â€Å"Rest Cure† are easily seen in the story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1891. The main character was given the â€Å"Rest Cure† and soon began to descend deeper into the traps of insanity. Before fully understanding mental illnesses her actions would be linked to â€Å"hysteriaâ₠¬ . Hysteria was the term given to women with signs of depression. (Showalter, p. 127) Embedded largely in women's discouraged ambitions and limited opportunities, a reaction of supposed hysteria cases occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Due to rise in this type of mental illness, the period became known as the â€Å"Golden Age of Hysteria.† Authorities of the time defined the problem in terms of femininity and female sexuality. Coming from the Greek term hysteron, meaning womb, hysteria was known as a strictly female illness that was caused by women's delicate constitutions and emotionality. Many doctors believed the uterus caused it, which was why they concluded that men could not become hysterical. (Showalter, p. 129) Hysteria was assumed a largely self-created or imagined illness. People did not generally take it, or mental illness seriously. Though hysteria became a focal point of study by physicians throughout the world. Symptoms included fainting, vomiting, choking, sobbing, paralysis, and temperamental fits. Reflecting the belief that women were prone to hysteria because they were less rational and stable than men. Dr. Edward Tilt, in a typical Victorian textbook definition, wrote: â€Å"mutability is a characteristic of hysteria, because it is characteristic of women† (Showalter, p. 129). As more studies were conducted, however, some doctors began to link hysteria with restricted activity and sexual ... ...ut you.† Her response is â€Å"I don’t weigh a bit more.† She proves him wrong and he avoids the response by saying â€Å"But now let’s improve the shining hours by going to sleep, and talk in the morning.† She overlooks his true intentions and focuses back on the wallpaper. She almost revels to herself and John that the â€Å"Rest Cure† isn’t working as expected. and actually show that he doesn’t care. â€Å" begins to interpet the yellow wallpaper, as having many life like similarity tries to resorts to reasoning with herself so that she may feel husband keeping he away from any outside world her minds wanders into insanity. Her husband doesn’t know any better than to restrain her from exerting energy. He feels that he must keep her in bed to better her health. This in the end is the reason she goes insane. He must feel a bit ashamed being a doctor and not knowing of any other cure to The signs of metal illness are evident when the main character resorts to ripping at the wallpaper to release some built up anxiety. Work Cited Page Rena Korb An overview of The Yellow Wallpaper, in Exploring Short Stories, Gale Research, 1998. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady. New York: Random House, 1985. The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers The Yellow Wallpaper: In the 19th century, mental illness was an uncommon issue to be discussed. The public would treat the illness only by avoiding the matter and forcing the sick to feel helpless. At that time, the medical profession had not yet distinguished between diseases of the mind and diseases of the brain. Neurologists such as Dr. Silas Mitchell treated the problems that would now be treated by psychiatrists, such as depression. The most accepted cure was Mitchell's â€Å"Rest Cure,† which required complete isolation from family and friends. It forbid any type of mental or physical energy, and required total bed rest. The harsh results of the â€Å"Rest Cure† are easily seen in the story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1891. The main character was given the â€Å"Rest Cure† and soon began to descend deeper into the traps of insanity. Before fully understanding mental illnesses her actions would be linked to â€Å"hysteriaâ₠¬ . Hysteria was the term given to women with signs of depression. (Showalter, p. 127) Embedded largely in women's discouraged ambitions and limited opportunities, a reaction of supposed hysteria cases occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Due to rise in this type of mental illness, the period became known as the â€Å"Golden Age of Hysteria.† Authorities of the time defined the problem in terms of femininity and female sexuality. Coming from the Greek term hysteron, meaning womb, hysteria was known as a strictly female illness that was caused by women's delicate constitutions and emotionality. Many doctors believed the uterus caused it, which was why they concluded that men could not become hysterical. (Showalter, p. 129) Hysteria was assumed a largely self-created or imagined illness. People did not generally take it, or mental illness seriously. Though hysteria became a focal point of study by physicians throughout the world. Symptoms included fainting, vomiting, choking, sobbing, paralysis, and temperamental fits. Reflecting the belief that women were prone to hysteria because they were less rational and stable than men. Dr. Edward Tilt, in a typical Victorian textbook definition, wrote: â€Å"mutability is a characteristic of hysteria, because it is characteristic of women† (Showalter, p. 129). As more studies were conducted, however, some doctors began to link hysteria with restricted activity and sexual ... ...ut you.† Her response is â€Å"I don’t weigh a bit more.† She proves him wrong and he avoids the response by saying â€Å"But now let’s improve the shining hours by going to sleep, and talk in the morning.† She overlooks his true intentions and focuses back on the wallpaper. She almost revels to herself and John that the â€Å"Rest Cure† isn’t working as expected. and actually show that he doesn’t care. â€Å" begins to interpet the yellow wallpaper, as having many life like similarity tries to resorts to reasoning with herself so that she may feel husband keeping he away from any outside world her minds wanders into insanity. Her husband doesn’t know any better than to restrain her from exerting energy. He feels that he must keep her in bed to better her health. This in the end is the reason she goes insane. He must feel a bit ashamed being a doctor and not knowing of any other cure to The signs of metal illness are evident when the main character resorts to ripping at the wallpaper to release some built up anxiety. Work Cited Page Rena Korb An overview of The Yellow Wallpaper, in Exploring Short Stories, Gale Research, 1998. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady. New York: Random House, 1985.

The First Triumvirate

Caesar, Crassus and Pompey were part of what is known as the ‘First Triuvirate’, a triumvirate being a legal political alliance between three men. Paterculus describes the triumvirate as a â€Å"partnership of power†. Cicero regarded the triumvirate as’ uniformly odious to all sorts and classes and ages of men’†¦ Cicero also regarded the political coalition as the main cause for the civil war in 49BC. The coalition lasted for approximately seven years- from about 60BC until 53BC. This secret, non-official alliance should not be called the first triumvirate because it was non-offical.The triumvirs- Pompey, Crassus and Caesar each used different methods in order to achieve their respective goals- whether it was for their personal interest or the interest of the political and social group of populares these men represented and were close to . Some of these varying methods were effective, and some were not. Each triumvir had different aims, or a num ber of goals. Each man wanted to gain something different from the coalition. Pompey wished for land for his veterans, as well as his eastern settlement ratified or approved ‘en bloc’, or altogether.Crassus wanted a rebate for the equestrian tax farmers. Caesar needed a consulship for 59BC, as well as a province for 58BC to give scope for his military ability and in order to gain glory also. Caeasr passed his land bill (lex Campania) using the threat of force, ignoring the bad omens as well as ignoring the veto of Biblius, Biblius was the optimate’s representative and it shows the continuation of the struggle between two main poltical and social classes in Rome over power, wealth and equal rights. He was [Biblius] the second consul. The lex Campania aimed at providing land for Pompey’s veterans.Pompey was apparently unhappy with the way the law was passed. Cicero, in a letter to Atticus said regarding Pompey’s position: â€Å"Pompey has fenced so f ar with the important questions. When asked, he said that he agreed with Caesar’s laws. But what about his methods? ‘Caesar must answer that for himself, he replied. † During Julius Caesar’s first consulship (59BC) a tribune, Vatinius was made to good use, He passed a bill and thus ratified Pompey’s settlement en bloc, he gained a rebate for the equestrians in telation to the loss to the tax contract.Vatinius also proposed to the assembly that Caesar should be given Illyricum and both gauls for five years as well as an army of three legions, this was passed despite unfavourable omens. Due to vatinius; help as a tribune in 59bc, each triumvir gained most of what they wanted. Julius Caesar also assisted in changing Clodius Pulcher’s status, so that clodius could help the triumvirate. Caeasr helped Clodius change from the patrician to plebeian status. Clodius became a tribune and introduced four laws.He also introduced free corn as a bribe, this obviously benefited the poor and masses, but had negative effects in politics since it was often used to manipulate the plebs as a form of bribe for their vote. Free corn was usually used by populares leaders to bribe the people for political interests. The two censors were able to expel senators only when they were both in agreement and and after a judicial enquiry had been held. No magistrates could stop public business by the use of auspices or observing ill-omens. Clodius pulcher as tribune in 58BC also exiled Cicero because of the threat he imposed on the triumvirs.Clodius introduced to rid any magistrate who had put to death a Roman citizen without trial- this was obiously aimed at Cicero, because he had put to death the Catilinarian conspirators in 63VC, against Julius Caesar’s wishes (warnings on the law). After Cicero’s exile, according to Plutarch, it was obvious to others that Cicero was a shattered man- he ‘remained for most of the time miserable and disconsolate, keeping his eyes fixed, like a distressed lover, on Italy. ’ The triumvirate became under pressure between 58 and 56 BC for various reasons.The enmity between Pompey and Crassus contributed largely. As Crassus and Pompey both achieved their goals, Pompey was embarrassed by Caesar’s methods and Crassus was eager to humiliated Pompey was a reason for the triumvirate being under pressure. Cicero also attacked one of Caesar’s bills in the senate- the lex Campania which threatened the unity of the coalition. Cicero continued to attempt to win Pompey away from the coalition with Crassus and Pompey. Cicero also undermined the coalition further by speaking for Pompey’s special command by appointment.The people were complaining about the high price of the corn as well as the shortage of it. It means that Clodius’ law to provide free corn was unsuccessful. Cicero spole for pompey’s command of the grain supply as the people demanded that Pompey should be appointed in charge of the supplies of grain. Plutarch suggests that the appointment ‘made Pompey once again the master of all ROMAN possessions by sea and by land’, and Crassus and Caesar would have not been happy woth the appointment because Pompey would have more power than the rest of the triumvirs.The conference at luca in 56BC had the aim of solving these problems, and it successfully strengthened the postion of the coalition between the three men overall- a public reconciliation between Pompey and Crassus largely achieved this. At the conference it was also agreed that Crassua nd Pompey would stand for a ocnuslship the following year- 55bc- a joint one. To achieve their aims of having a consulship together, Crassus and Pompey used some dodgy tactics in order to be elected.They had powerful ptimates enemies, Domitius Ahenobarbus in particular. They tried their best to delay the elections being held and also preventing the consuls in hilding the el ection unitl the ened of the term. tHEY BOTH resorted to violence , among other things. By the end of the year no elections wre held. aN interrex was appointed- however this was a poltical friend- friendly to Pompey. This interrex suggested that only two candidates for the joint consulship be elected, obviously aiming at Crassus and pOmpey as candidates.During the elections, Anhenobarbus was wounded in a riot, and Pompey and Crassus were elected for a second time as consuls. POMPEY and Crassus aimed to gain valuable proconsular commands, and with the help of tribune c. trebonius he awarded Crassus the province of Syria and Pompey the two Spains, as well as Caesar’s Gallic command extended. Throughout the years 60-53bc, the span of the triumvirate, the political coaltion between these three men used a variety of methods to achieve their poltical goals/aims.These three men met their goals theough the use of tribunes- Vatinius and C. Trebonius. Both of these methods were effecti ve as their goals were granted however they were mostly short lasting resolutions because soon the triumvirate broke down and the civil war following which had devasting effects. ahOWEVER, the violence that Crassus and Pompey used in order to be elected for their joint consulship in 55BC was wrong and illegal. Caesar also used violence- the threat of force- to pass his lexCampania during his first consulship in 59BC. Pompey became very unahappy with the way that Caear passed his lex Campania. The threat of force was a very strong factor in preventing the triumvirs’ opponents from resorting to violence themselves, and many argue that it was a necessity for any of the three men to resort to threats, violence or illegal activity in order to achieve their political goals/or aims. The mehods used by the three men were on the effective, howevr sometimes the methods they used is not justified.

Computerization of Public Sector Essay

Introduction In the midst of the Global Financial Crisis we found the Mediterranean states, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, being troubled by serious fiscal issues, great deficit on their balance sheets, characterized by low competitiveness and enormous public debt. Over the last year of the GFC the policies that had been followed for those countries are mainly focused around the creation of fiscal surpass by using horizontal and cross cutting methods. The results of those tactics after almost 4 years of austerity measures are far from favorable. One reason for that is that the IMF and EU were unable to look deep into the problem. Their primary target was to found a swift and superficial solution, mainly because of the pressure from the markets and political factors. On this research we will focus our interest deeper into the problem and attempt reaching the core of it. One very important aspect of the crisis that the mentioned organizations have not taken into account is the efficiency of the pu blic sector on the problematic countries. If the public sector lacks on efficiency then the results would be phenomenon like corruption, unorganized departments, tax evasion and absence of communication between agencies. One great factor that determines the efficiency of a state is the computerization of its public sector. And that is what our research will be focused on. Main literature used on the research To reach the needed results we have to find the proper literature, we have to use that as a base for our research and to help us on extracting our conclusions. We need to analyze the structure of the Public Sector Management on those countries and to learn how important the role of computerization is on an efficient government. That is exactly what (Dunleavy, 2006) tried to show us. How vital computerization is for the public administrator and its role on key factors like taxation, decentralization, bureaucracy and public corruption. Another aspect we have to use on our literature research is the quality on public sector. What is its relation with a computerized state how is affected by that. Quality is an important element of a successful computerization process, their bonds are strong, quality is considered fundamental for a public sector to become more efficient and to increase its performance (Pollitt and Bouckaert, 1995). Performance is another important factor that has a crucial role on a healthy public sector. It helps to increase its effectiveness, that leads to a more transparent and innovative system (Bruijn, 2006). After we successfully incorporate those components into the public administration we would be able to observe the impact of computerization on the economic stability of a country (Snellen et al., 1989). Advantages of a computerized public sector If we look into the literature we will see that the Mediterranean states that are deadlocked, actually apart from their deficit they have one more common thing, their corruption ratings (Transparency international, 2011; OECD, 2011). Therefore we observe a great proportion of tax evasion, and restrict bureaucracy (World Bank, 2012) and low competitiveness against other states (Klaus Schwab, 2012). The advantage of a computerized public sector, apart from the efficiency (Pollitt and Bouckaert, 1995), is the addition on effectiveness too (Willcocks and Harrow, 1992). Moreover we survey a great improvement on transparency (OECD, 2011) and on accessibility of the services as well as on productivity (Hayes, 1977). All the previews factors are on a sequence, first of all the immediate reaction of a computerized sector is to improve its quality (Pollitt and Bouckaert, 1995), that is conceivable through an â€Å"adaption† of new public management standards (Hood, 1998), next step is the improvement of performance (Margetts, 1999);(Dunleavy, 2006). Moreover after we succeed on adapting quality and performance into the public sector, the effectiveness (GAO,1991) and the efficiency occurs (Willcocks and Harrow, 1992). As a result an economic stability will commence (HMSO, 1983);(Klein, 1988). All the above have shown that will result on a better tax administrator (Snellen et al., 1989);(Naur, 1974) and have as an outcome the better taxation (Margetts, 1999). Still the most important thing that gets neutralized is the political interception (Herring, 1967). Arguments The main arguments about computerization of the public sector directs from the employees. A factor is the poverty of knowledge about the use of new technologies and their lack of interest on learning them. Another important factor is the political and union interests (Transparency international, 2011). On the above mentioned countries, unions and political parties have a â€Å"client† relationship. This suggests a major concern for an improvement effort of public sector’s administration. Managers lack the will to adapt innovative ideas into their departments. And the corrupted bureaucratic state’s roots are so deep that ought great effort to overcome those obstacles. (Jorma, 1988). Other arguments come from the cost of a computerization update (Dunleavy, 2006). Furthermore, arguments about the part that computerization had on the instability of the Mediterranean States are expressed from organizations like IMF, on their monthly reports they do not take into account the individuality and the complexity of the public sector on those countries (IMF, 2012). Methodology For the research to be conducted we have to use a combination of quantitative, by using the â€Å"N† data sets and qualitative methods by the use of enquiries. Because of the nature of the research some factors cannot be properly valued by quantitative methods (Weber et al., 1946) And some information are results from qualitative research (Ragin and Amoroso, 2011);(Ragin, 1987). Also we have to take into account the external factors that affect the computerization process. Thus the research will not be â€Å"immune† to external elements. Conclusion To conclude we have reached a point on introducing austerity measures on the Mediterranean Countries, where we should be very careful of our actions. Especially when the EU is on a dense position because of political rivalries, unwillingness and antagonism amongst union states. And portray a lack of focus to the core of the issue. If we do not act more carefully and if we do not try to find the right questions for the problem the situation will become irreversible. The question should not be how to stop the deficit, instead should be how those problematic countries can improve their public sector? And more specifically at what extend the computerization of public sector in Mediterranean Nations â€Å"affect† their economic stability? It should be appropriate to close with a quote from Simon H. A â€Å"is the resistance it evokes from those who refuse to see in it anything more than an enlarged desk calculator. Not since the Darwinian controversy of the past century we have seen such a passionate defense of the uniqueness of man [sic] against claims of kinship by systems that don’t belong to his species.† (Simon H.A, 1973: 503) References BRUIJN, J. A. D. 2006. Managing performance in the public sector, New York, NY, Routledge. DUNLEAVY, P. 2006. 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